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# Research Collective

## Sitemaps

- [XML Sitemap](https://research-collective.com/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website.

## Posts

- [Blog](https://research-collective.com/blog/)
- [Lessons Learned from 4,947 Usability Study Sessions](https://research-collective.com/thousands-usability-study-sessions/) - Lessons from thousands of medical device usability study sessions: recurring human behavior patterns that can help improve product design and study quality.
- [A Human Factors Guide to Surviving a Horror Film](https://research-collective.com/surviving-horror-film/) - Don't be the Next Victim of Bad Design: Avoid These Deadly Usability Traps Spooky season is here, which means it’s time to prepare for the ghosts, monsters, and jump scares lurking around every corner. We have all been there… sitting on the edge of the couch, practically screaming at the characters on the screen as
- [Conducting Usability Studies with Children](https://research-collective.com/conducting-usability-studies-with-children/) - Conducting usability studies with children requires patience, flexibility, and a keen understanding of each participants’ needs.
- [Performance vs. Preference: User Interfaces and Learning Environments](https://research-collective.com/performance-vs-preference/) - Balancing preference with measurable performance outcomes will help users enjoy the user interface or learning environment and use it to achieve their goals.
- [Research Collective's Summary of FDA's AI-Enabled Device Draft Guidance](https://research-collective.com/research-collectives-summary-of-fdas-ai-enabled-device-draft-guidance/) - This draft guidance offers information on how to navigate the development of AI-enabled medical devices and submit a marketing application to FDA.
- [Interference Effects in Cognition](https://research-collective.com/interference-effects-in-cognition/) - By understanding how different types of interference effects affect our mental processes, we can develop strategies to minimize their impact.
- [Inattentional Blindness](https://research-collective.com/inattentionalblindness/) - Inattentional blindness demonstrates the limitations of human attention, showing how we can miss critical information even when it’s in plain sight.
- [Research Collective's Unforgettable 2024](https://research-collective.com/research-collectives-unforgettable-2024/) - 2024 has been a great year for Research Collective. As the year draws to a close, we reflect on our progress as a healthcare human factors consultancy.
- [Working Memory and Attentional Resources in Human Factors](https://research-collective.com/working-memory-and-attentional-resources-in-human-factors/) - When working memory is taxed, cognitive overload canincrease the risk of errors and accidents. Human factors helps users manage cognitive resources.
- [Designing Effective Instructions: Considering Attentional Focus in Human Factors](https://research-collective.com/designing-effective-instructions-considering-attentional-focus-in-human-factors/) - In the world of medical devices, clear and effective instructions can mean the difference between life and death. They can also be the key to achieving optimal rather than merely adequate performance, or worse, errorful performance. As human factors professionals, we constantly strive to optimize the interaction between humans and systems. But what if a
- [Moderating a Usability Study: A Balancing Act](https://research-collective.com/moderating-usability-study-balancing-act/) - Moderating mastery involves managing several polarities—contradictory conditions that must be balanced to ensure an effective and productive study session.
- [Recognition Over Recall](https://research-collective.com/recognition-over-recall/) - Recognition over recall is a fundamental principle in design that enhances usability, reduces cognitive load, and creates more intuitive interfaces.
- [The Hick-Hyman Law in Design](https://research-collective.com/the-hick-hyman-law-in-design/) - The Hick-Hyman Law says that more choices increase decision-making time, highlighting the importance of simplifying options to reduce decision-making fatigue.
- [Navigating The Collective Voice Blog](https://research-collective.com/navigating-the-collective-voice-blog/) - Explore our blog posts for foundational concepts in human factors engineering, research, statistics, regulatory guidance, and professional development.
- [Organizing Information: Five Hat Racks](https://research-collective.com/organizing-information-five-hat-racks/) - By using the Five Hat Racks—Location, Alphabet, Time, Category, and Hierarchy/Continuum—designers can reduce confusion in their communication with device users.
- [Design Principles: Fitts’s Law](https://research-collective.com/human-factors-principles-understanding-fittss-law/) - Fitts's Law is an important design principle to consider when the goal is to create a usable, efficient, and safe product.
- [Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Medical Device Design](https://research-collective.com/signal-to-noise-ratio/) - Designing medical devices with signal-to-noise ratios in mind creates safer, more efficient, and more satisfying medical devices.
- [What you need to know about FDA's draft guidance on URRAs](https://research-collective.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-fdas-draft-guidance-on-urras/) - This blog post summarizes FDA's recent draft guidance on use-related risk analyses (URRAs) for combination product development and regulatory submission.
- [Introduction to Color and Medical Device Design](https://research-collective.com/color-in-medical-device-design/) - Color is essential in perception and can guide user behavior. Medical device designers can enhance usability and safety through thoughtful use of color.
- [Constraining to Afford in Medical Device Design](https://research-collective.com/constraining-to-afford/) - Constraining to afford in medical device design enhances usability and safety by guiding users toward the correct actions and preventing errors.
- [Affordances in Medical Device Design](https://research-collective.com/affordances-in-medical-device-design/) - Affordances refer to the tangible aspects of the design that intuitively guide users in their interaction with the device.
- [Crucial Role of Affordances and Signifiers in Medical Device Design](https://research-collective.com/affordances-signifiers/) - Affordances and signifiers work together to make a medical device usable, efficient, and safe for patients and users alike.
- [Demystifying the FDA's Human Factors Guidance](https://research-collective.com/demystifying-the-fdas-human-factors-guidance/) - The FDA’s human factors guidance can be a complicated document, especially if you are: A new professional in the field of human factors? A project manager looking for guidance on the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) validation test requirements? An engineer in the medical field who has heard about the FDA human factors guidance but
- [An Overview of What Medical Device Developers Need to Know About Human Factors](https://research-collective.com/an-overview-of-what-medical-device-developers-need-to-know-about-human-factors/) - December 20, 2017 , in Design Controls and Global Medical Device Podcast and Human Factors The topic of human factors can be confusing: How does it relate to design factors and risk? Why is it included in the regulations and how can this factor be handled? Bryant Foster, the Vice President of Research & Design at Research Collective, applies the principles
- [Design Principles: Forgiveness](https://research-collective.com/design-principles-forgiveness/) - --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hi Dave, Please see the attached for October’s invoice. Thanks! Anders --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Whoops, sorry. Forgot to attach. Here you go! Anders Attachment: Oct_2015 Invoice -------------------------------------------------------------------------- I’m guessing something like this has happened to you at some point over the years, right? We use email for everything and we are accustomed to clicking “send” after
- [Human Factors in History: Designing the STOP Sign](https://research-collective.com/human-factors-in-history-designing-the-stop-sign/) - What's yellow, bedazzled in glass beads, and made out of plywood? Believe it or not, we're talking about the STOP sign. The red, reflective, octagonal traffic sign we see so often today did not always have these classic characteristics. This article explores the history of STOP sign designs and how human factors (vision & perception) and
- [Data Types: How do they work?](https://research-collective.com/data-types-how-do-they-work/) - Data Types: Introduction Back in 1946, a Psychologist named Stanley Smith Stevens determined that there were four distinct data types: ratio, interval, ordinal, and categorical/nominal. These data types categorize different variables and give a direction as to how one should analyze those variables. Categorical/Nominal Data We use this type of data to label, or categorize,
- [Pros and Cons of the System Usability Scale (SUS)](https://research-collective.com/pros-and-cons-of-the-system-usability-scale-sus/) - Development of the SUS In 1986, John Brooke developed a short questionnaire intended to measure the perceived usability of various computer systems. Simply a “quick and dirty” scale for usability testing, Brooke made the questionnaire freely available to various colleagues and “anybody else who might find it useful” (Brooke, 2013). Little did he know when
- [An Overview of “Better Together"](https://research-collective.com/an-overview-of-better-together/) - Better Together: The vital role of patients and end users in developing safe and effective medical devices Every few months, Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology releases a new journal publication on recent events, changes, and perspectives within the Medical Human Factors community. The July/August 2017 issue features a piece regarding the role that end-user and patient
- [Six Pro Tips: For Graduate School Success](https://research-collective.com/six-pro-tips-for-graduate-school-success/) - Professional Tips for (Graduate School) Success The goal of this book is to provide you with all the tips, tricks, advice, wisdom, strategies, suggestions, recommendations, counsel, and information – did I miss any? – that will help you overcome the barriers you will experience as you pursue your Master’s or PhD in the Human Systems
- [The Basics of ROI in Human Factors Engineering](https://research-collective.com/the-basics-of-roi-in-human-factors-engineering/) - Return on Investment in Human Factors Engineering In business, everything comes down to money. As painful as it is to admit, the essential business question boils down to ‘Will investing in human factors pay off, or not?’ Well, it’s time to wise up; human factors can make (or save) you some serious cash. A little
- [Historical Antecedents of UX: The Psychology Department](https://research-collective.com/historical-antecedents-of-ux-the-psychology-department/) - As a movement associated with innovation and success, the user experience is becoming increasingly popular in worldwide business. And, while UX and human factors leave many people excited about the future, it’s easy to forget about the past. We don’t often think about the steps that were taken to reach where we are now as
- [The Most Powerful User Experience On The Internet](https://research-collective.com/the-most-powerful-user-experience-on-the-internet/) - Google is one of the most prominent companies in the world, especially on the Internet; Google’s rise to the top is due to good ole’ fashioned innovation. Rather than ranking searched results by how many times search terms appeared on the page (the strategy of most search engines at the time), Google was a search
- [1-on-1: Interview with a Human Factors Expert - Randy Sieffert](https://research-collective.com/1-on-1-interview-with-a-human-factors-expert-randy-sieffert/) - Each month, we interview a human factors expert to get their take on the Human Factors and User Experience industry. In this month’s installment, Russ sat down with Randy Sieffert. Randy is the Director of UX Research at ServiceNow and former Head of Global UX Design at HP. Russ: Let’s jump right in...in your career
- [1-on-1: Interview with a Human Factors Expert - Dr. Emily Hildebrand](https://research-collective.com/1-on-1-interview-with-a-human-factors-expert-dr-emily-hildebrand/) - Each month, we interview a human factors expert to get their take on the Human Factors and User Experience industry. In this month’s installment, Russ sat down with the most recent human factors expert to join our team, Emily Hildebrand... Russ: Tell us a little bit about your background in Human Factors? Emily: Over the
- [1-on-1: Interview with a Human Factors Expert - Gerard Torenvliet](https://research-collective.com/1-on-1-interview-with-a-human-factors-expert-gerard-torenvliet/) - Each month, we interview a human factors expert to get their take on the Human Factors and User Experience industry. In this month’s installment, Russ sat down with Gerard Torenvliet, Sr Manager of Human Factors and User Experience at Medtronic. Russ: How did you get your start in Human Factors? Gerard: When I was in high
- [1-on-1: Interview with a Human Factors Expert - Sarah Blair](https://research-collective.com/1-on-1-interview-with-a-human-factors-expert-sarah-blair/) - Each month, we interview a human factors expert to get their take on the Human Factors and User Experience industry. In this month’s installment, Russ talked with Sarah Blair, Lead Usability Engineer at Minnetronix... Russ: How did you get your start as a Usability Engineer? Sarah: I joined Minnetronix right out of graduate school in the Project
- [1-on-1: Interview with Product Design Leader and UX Executive - Pree Kolari](https://research-collective.com/1-on-1-interview-with-product-design-leader-and-ux-executive-pree-kolari/) - This month Russ spoke with Pree Kolari, a UX Executive at eBay about the strategies and challenges in the UX industry. Russ: Coming from a large company like eBay, what advice would you give to start-ups or mid-sized companies that are developing their UX strategy? Pree: I’ll use the analogy of eating a giant cake, vs. a
- [Interview: Jon Speer, Founder & VP of QA/RA, Greenlight Guru](https://research-collective.com/interview-jon-speer-founder-vp-of-qa-ra-greenlight-guru/) - Introduction The medical device industry certainly goes through a lot of change while having a significant focus on regulatory issues. One person who is very familiar with all of this is Jon Speer, founder and VP of QA at Greenlight Guru. Russ caught up with Jon recently to ask a few questions about Greenlight Guru and
- [1-on-1 Interview: Shannon Halgren, Chief UX Consultant](https://research-collective.com/1-on-1-interview-shannon-halgren-chief-ux-consultant/) - We are pleased to welcome Shannon Halgren to this month's Human Factors and User Experience interview. Shannon is the founder and Chief UX Officer for Sage Research & Design, head-quartered in Boulder, Colorado. Based on her extensive experience in the area of product user experience, and in particular her passion for and expertise in UX research,
- [What is Human Factors Engineering?](https://research-collective.com/what-is-human-factors-engineering/) - User Experience and Human Factors Engineering It seems that each day more companies are wising up to the fact that designing for the end user is an integral part of what drives a product, service, or system to be successful. Due in part to its rise in popularity, User Experience (UX) has become a huge
- [1-on-1 Interview: Meet Theo Mandel, UX Consultant](https://research-collective.com/1-on-1-interview-meet-theo-mandel-ux-consultant/) - We are pleased to welcome Theo Mandel to this month's Human Factors and User Experience interview. Theo, an independent UX & User Research Consultant, author and educator, shares with Russ how he discovered User Experience (UX), how it's changed over the past couple of decades, and how UX can (and should) be applied to multiple
- [Human Factors and the FDA: Buzzwords](https://research-collective.com/human-factors-and-the-fda-buzzwords/) - Human Factors and FDA Submissions Medical device manufacturers cannot legally market their products without clearance or approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Unfortunately, navigating this regulatory jungle can be a bit of a nightmare for those same manufacturers. Quite a bit goes into a successful FDA submission. An important, but often overlooked, aspect
- [FAQs about FDA's Guidelines for Human Factors and Usability](https://research-collective.com/faqs-about-fdas-guidelines-for-human-factors-and-usability/) - Introduction: FDA Human Factors FAQs When the FDA released its guidance document Applying Human Factors and Usability Engineering to Medical Devices in 2016, the intent was to provide a clear picture of the human factors and usability methods that medical device manufacturers should implement into their product development processes. A few of the guidelines include:
- [Interview: Hanniebey D. Wiyor, PhD, Lieutenant, USPHS](https://research-collective.com/interview-hanniebey-d-wiyor-phd-lieutenant-usphs/) - Introduction We are pleased to welcome Dr. Hanniebey D. Wiyor to this month's Human Factors and User Experience interview. Hanniebey, a Human Factors Regulatory Officer in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, reviews human factors reports for post and pre-market submissions for a variety of medical products and devices. In this interview, he shares common
- [Research Collective's 2018 Human Factors and UX Reading List](https://research-collective.com/research-collectives-2018-human-factors-and-ux-reading-list/) - Usability, UX, & Human Factors Handbook of Usability Testing: How to Plan, Design, and Conduct Effective Tests (Jeffrey Rubin) Usability Assessment: How to Measure the Usability of Products, Services, and Systems (Philip Kortum) Measuring the User Experience: Collecting, Analyzing, and Presenting Usability Metrics (Tom Tullis & Bill Albert) The Human Factor: Revolutionizing the Way People
- [Guide for Aspiring UX Pros, Part 1: Getting Your First Job](https://research-collective.com/guide-for-aspiring-ux-pros-part-1-getting-your-first-job/) - Introduction New professionals entering into UX encounter a common problem. Employers want entry level candidates to have 1-3 years of experience, but how does one accumulate experience without a job? Any "entry-level UX professional" has surely felt the pain of this dilemma, firsthand. As someone who recently navigated these waters, I learned a few things
- [Guide for Aspiring UX Pros, Part 2: First Six Months](https://research-collective.com/guide-for-aspiring-ux-pros-part-2-first-six-months/) - Introduction You did it, you got the job! Nice! Great work! Now it’s time to show your employer that you’ve got the chops to be successful in your new role. The first few months of any job are probably the most difficult, which is unfortunate because you could argue that they are also the most
- [Cognitive Biases in Human Factors Research](https://research-collective.com/cognitive-biases-in-human-factors-research/) - Cognitive Biases A cognitive bias is a pattern or tendency to have incorrect, distorted, or irrational judgments. Think of them as ‘blind spot’ or a ‘lens’ for how we view our environments. These biases can significantly alter human decision-making in a manner that is nearly always beyond awareness. As human factors researchers, we often consider
- [1-on-1 Interview: Meet Dean Barker, User Experience Expert](https://research-collective.com/1-on-1-interview-meet-dean-barker-user-experience-expert/) - We are excited to introduce Dean Barker, Vice President of User Experience at Optum. Having authored ISO standards, content in industry magazines, and co-authored a book, Dean is highly respected in the User Experience field. In his interview with Russ, he discusses some of the biggest mistakes he sees and what he'd like to see
- [7 Mistakes that Derail Your Human Factors Validation Study](https://research-collective.com/7-mistakes-that-derail-your-human-factors-validation-study/) - FDA and Human Factors Validation Studies In order to market and sell a new medical device in the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) desires evidence of its safe and effective use among users. Part of this “evidence” is a validation usability study that evaluates all of your identified critical tasks. As resources,
- [Human Factors Engineering and Gestalt Design Principles](https://research-collective.com/human-factors-engineering-and-gestalt-design-principles/) - Introduction: Human Factors and Gestalt Research Collective approaches Human Factors from a Cognitive Psychology perspective. We believe that to develop products that serve the needs of people, it is crucial to understand how the human mind works. One facet of Psychology that is particularly relevant to Human Factors is something called Gestalt Psychology. Gestalt Psychology
- [Human Factors of Accessible Design: Contrast](https://research-collective.com/human-factors-of-accessible-design-contrast/) - Importance of Contrast to Human Factors and Accessibility Revised in June 2018, The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1 is the main guideline for accessible design requirements. It describes everything related to the world of accessible design: closed-captioning details, time-related factors, alt-text, spacing, and of course, guidelines for successful contrast across the user interface. The
- [Interview: Michael Kuzel, Human Factors & Safety Engineering](https://research-collective.com/interview-michael-kuzel-human-factors-safety-engineering/) - This month's human factors expert interview is with Mike Kuzel, Principal and Co-Owner of 4M Consulting Group. Mike comes from a strong engineering background and is heavily involved in safety engineering and litigation matters. In the interview, he explains how he became interested in human factors, how human factors plays a role in his work,
- [Human Factors - Accessible Design Tips: POUR](https://research-collective.com/human-factors-accessible-design-tips-pour/) - Human Factors and WCAG 2.1 The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1 from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the main guideline that web developers and designers should look to for accessible design requirements. Within WCAG 2.1, four basic design principles are described in relation to accessibility. To help make these four principles easy
- [Meet Tatsuro Kimura and Mami Inoue, UX Consultants](https://research-collective.com/meet-tatsuro-kimura-and-mami-inoue-ux-consultants/) - Introduction For the first time, this month's interview features two user experience experts: Tatsuro Kimura and Mami Inoue of U'eyes Design! Based in Japan, Tatsuro and Mami are UX researchers and consultants for Japanese and international clients alike. While they come from quite different backgrounds, both of their careers ended up in the user experience
- [1-on-1 Interviews: 2018 Year in Review](https://research-collective.com/1-on-1-interviews-2018-year-in-review/) - A year of Human Factors and User Experience interviews has come and gone! And what a year it has been… As 2018 comes to a close, we’d like to highlight some of our guests’ responses from throughout the year. While many of us talk about and practice similar ideas, we all have our own perspectives on
- [Making Instruction Manuals Usable - Human Factors and UX](https://research-collective.com/making-instruction-manuals-usable-human-factors-and-ux/) - Instructions for Use All too often, creating an instruction manual for a new and innovative product is a mere afterthought. Indeed, you can make a strong bet that good and usable instruction manuals just aren’t very common. But here’s the thing: user-friendly instructions for use (IFUs) can be quite important, especially for products like medical
- [1-on-1 Interview: Mike Becker, Human Factors Engineer](https://research-collective.com/1-on-1-interview-mike-becker-human-factors-engineer/) - Introduction We are getting 2019 off to a great start by speaking with Mike Becker of Illumina! Based in San Diego, CA, Mike is a Human Factors Engineer for one of the most prominent biotechnology companies in the US. We are super excited to have Mike kick this year off. Among other things, Mike's interview
- [Small n, Big Insight: Sample Sizes for Qualitative Research](https://research-collective.com/small-n-big-insight-sample-sizes-for-qualitative-research/) - How many participants do you need? You’re running a study. You’ve got everything you need in place. The study plan, the moderator scripts, your data collection sheets are all ready. But how many participants do you need to do it right? Well, we could jump on into G-Power and calculate your n based on the
- [6 Myths About Human Factors Engineering and the FDA](https://research-collective.com/6-myths-about-human-factors-engineering-and-the-fda/) - Human Factors Engineering and FDA Clearance Human factors validation testing and obtaining FDA clearance can be challenging. Even folks who fully understand these processes can struggle to execute efficiently. Where do these challenges come from? Research Collective has worked with dozens of medical device manufacturers over the years. During this time, we have seen a
- [1-on-1 Interview: Bryant Foster, Human Factors Expert](https://research-collective.com/1-on-1-interview-bryant-foster-human-factors-expert/) - Introduction This month we are bringing in one of our own! Long overdue, we are pleased to have Bryant Foster as our one-on-one human factors expert! Bryant is the Vice President of Human Factors and User Experience here at Research Collective. In the interview, he opens up about how he got to where he is
- [Mitigating Moderator Bias in Human Factors Research](https://research-collective.com/mitigating-moderator-bias-in-human-factors-research/) - Bias in Human Factors Interviews Moderating interviews is crucial to conducting human factors or user experience (UX) research. A usability test is the moment of truth to get the data we need. Obtaining the best data possible starts with the moderator. Human beings are socially proficient creatures, and participants can pick up on inadvertent biases
- [Interview: Brooke Castaneda Radford, User Experience Architect](https://research-collective.com/interview-brooke-castaneda-radford-user-experience-architect/) - Introduction We are thrilled to have Brooke Castaneda Radford as our April 2019 one-on-one interview guest! It is a tremendous honor to have her as part of this series! Brooke is a User Experience Architect at Intel and has over 15 years of experience in the field. During her interview, Brooke provides her thoughts on
- [Human Factors of Hemophilia Self Infusion](https://research-collective.com/human-factors-of-hemophilia-self-infusion/) - Hemophilia Treatment Hemophilia (type A and B) is a hereditary bleeding disorder in which the blood’s ability to clot is compromised. The disease is characterized by low levels of Factor VIII or Factor IX in the blood, which is often treated by regular intravenous (IV) infusions of replacement factor. Typical prophylaxis regimens involve over 150
- [1-on-1 Interview: Rahul Rao, P.E., Medical Device Consultant](https://research-collective.com/1-on-1-interview-rahul-rao-p-e-medical-device-consultant/) - Introduction This month we are pleased to introduce Rahul Rao, Founder and CEO of Desert Platforms Medical Device Consultancy! He and his team work in the med-tech arena, and his interview with us was intriguing, to say the least. The interview this month mixed things up a bit, expanding its scope to all things medical
- [Usable Usability Research Reports: Introduction](https://research-collective.com/usable-usability-research-reports-introduction/) - Usable Human Factors Research Reports Human-centered design creates useful, usable, and desirable product. Proper medical device design ensures that systems can be used safely, effectively, and do not cause harm to the user or patient. In order to make these assurances, well-designed usability studies that evaluate a medical device’s critical tasks can identify areas in
- [Usable Research Reports: Formative vs. Validation](https://research-collective.com/usable-research-reports-formative-vs-validation/) - Usable Human Factors Reports When it comes to producing usable results, consistently embracing the study’s goals is critical. A project’s findings are only as useful as the questions it strives to answer, so delivering results that answer trivial questions just won’t be helpful. With this in mind, let’s talk about the two main types of
- [Usable Research Reports: Using Task Analysis](https://research-collective.com/usable-research-reports-using-task-analysis/) - Usable Research Reports When it comes to generating usable results, detail is key. What exactly did the users have trouble with? Broad statements like “5 out of 15 users did not successfully complete Task 14” are sometimes found in usability study reports. A statement like this is not specific enough. How is the development team
- [Usable Research Reports: Usability Studies](https://research-collective.com/usable-research-reports-usability-studies/) - Usability Testing Actually fielding a usability study is the moment of truth. Staying true to project goals and completing a task analysis accomplishes a ton for the seeker of usable results, but those strategies quickly become moot if researchers can’t collect quality data when it’s showtime. Again, creating usable results isn’t about writing them better;
- [In-Person Research Methods: Research During COVID-19](https://research-collective.com/in-person-research-methods-research-during-covid-19/) - In-Person Research Overview Many people are sensitive to visiting unfamiliar businesses right now due to fears of COVID-19 exposure. This can be disheartening to researchers, especially when businesses put in considerable time and effort to disinfect surfaces to make things safer. However, as long as COVID-19 is top of mind, these risks will discourage most
- [Remote Human Factors Research During COVID-19](https://research-collective.com/remote-human-factors-research-during-covid-19/) - Remote Research Overview Fundamentally, remote research involves the researcher and participant being in two separate locations. As it stands right now, remote research is undoubtedly the safest option during the COVID-19 pandemic. Video meeting platforms such as Zoom and WebEx have demonstrated their worth by keeping a much-needed point of contact viable with participants and
- [The Conference Reimagined: HFES Virtual Healthcare Symposium](https://research-collective.com/the-conference-reimagined-hfes-virtual-healthcare-symposium/) - Healthcare Human Factors Virtual Symposium As an attendee of the 2020 International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Healthcare, as it was originally planned, you would have walked into a hotel ballroom in Toronto, Canada. You would have seen a crowd of people mingling and shaking hands. Instead, the annual conference was held virtually
- [FDA Medical Device Approval: Why Hire a Human Factors Expert](https://research-collective.com/fda-medical-device-approval-why-hire-a-human-factors-expert/) - Healthcare Human Factors Engineering Human Factors Engineering focuses on designing products that match human capabilities and account for human limitations. This makes products easier to use, more effective, and safer. This is critical when designing medical products such as medical devices, combination products, and in-vitro diagnostics. Products with inadequate human factors engineering cause use error
- [Five Tips for Human Factors Engineering and FDA](https://research-collective.com/five-tips-for-human-factors-engineering-and-fda/) - Human factors engineering focuses on researching, designing, and evaluating products to make them useful, usable, desirable, and safe. Healthcare human factors engineering emphasizes safety. In fact, during the premarket submission process, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires manufacturers to demonstrate that their devices, combination products, and in-vitro diagnostics can be used safely and
- [Human Factors and FDA: Instructions for Use (IFU)](https://research-collective.com/human-factors-and-fda-instructions-for-use-ifu/) - Instructions for Use (IFU) Instructions for use (IFU) are essentially the user manual for a medical device, providing information such as: How to use the device Why and when the device should be used Technical specifications Maintenance requirements Troubleshooting information Cautionary or risk-related information Manufacturers have a responsibility to design effective documentation to ensure safe
- [The Importance of Human Factors in Healthcare](https://research-collective.com/the-importance-of-human-factors-in-healthcare/) - Two nurses were caring for a 15-day-old baby with a congenital heart defect and a rapid heart rate. As is routine, they administered digoxin, a common drug for slowing heartbeats. Tragically, however, they made a mathematical error, giving 220 μg of digoxin rather than the intended 22 μg. The massive overdose caused the baby to
- [What Are the Most Important Human Factors in Healthcare?](https://research-collective.com/what-are-the-most-important-human-factors-in-healthcare/) - People often ask us, “What are the most important human factors in healthcare?” Well, it depends. For handheld surgical tools, we focus on the biomechanics of the hand and the wrist, ensuring that the wrist is in a neutral position and that the fingers are not required to pinch for extended periods of time. On
- [New FDA Guidance for Medical Device Human Factors](https://research-collective.com/new-fda-guidance-for-medical-device-human-factors/) - In December of 2022, FDA released its latest guidance on human factors in medical device marketing submissions. The purpose of the new document is to complement and provide some clarifications to the existing guidance document, Applying Human Factors and Usability Engineering to Medical Device. Here are the most notable updates to the FDA guidance. More
- [Making Text Legible: 4 Tips from User Experience Design](https://research-collective.com/making-text-legible-4-tips-from-user-experience-design/) - Making medical product text legible Medical products have text (groundbreaking news, right?). From labels on devices, to results on a screen, to IFUs, there is a lot of text to consider when designing medical devices and software. However, the text frequently isn’t given much thought. People need to be able to both see and recognize
- [Frequently Asked Questions - Working with Research Collective](https://research-collective.com/frequently-asked-questions-working-with-research-collective/) - We commonly get questions about what we do and what it’s like to work with us. So, we’ve put together a brief list of frequently asked questions and their answers. Of course, give us a call if you’d like to learn more! Do you manage recruiting or do I need to provide you with study
- [How to Design your Injection Device from "Top to Bottom"](https://research-collective.com/how-to-design-your-injection-device-from-top-to-bottom/) - Top-down and Bottom-up Cues: Using Perceptual Process in Injection Device Designs Human Factors Engineers are often intrigued by peoples’ candid reactions to new devices. Recently, my friend received a new medication that needed to be administered via an injection device. While discussing it, they recounted familiar anecdotes about confusion, apprehension, and overwhelm that we hear
- [Ethical Treatment of Human Factors Test Participants](https://research-collective.com/ethical-treatment-of-human-factors-test-participants/) - As a university student, I worked in a psychobiology lab where we studied the physiology of emotions. Our lab housed rats, mice, and chickens. Because I was a lowly undergraduate, I was saddled with some of the less glamorous chores in the lab such as cleaning out the rat cages, refreshing the bedding, and making
- [Introducing the PCA Model in Human Factors Engineering](https://research-collective.com/introducing-the-pca-model-in-human-factors-engineering/) - Human Factors Engineering is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on optimizing the design of products, systems, and environments by studying how people interact with them (Branaghan et al., 2020). As part of that undertaking, human factors researchers have developed several models for simplifying how human beings interact with the world. One is PCA. The Perception-Cognition-Action
- [Note-Taking Tips in Human Factors Research](https://research-collective.com/note-taking-tips-in-human-factors-research/) - Picture this… You’ve successfully completed your usability test. You open your notes to begin analyzing the data and they look like gibberish. Now you’re forced to go back to watch study videos to make sense of what happened during the sessions. As a researcher, this is my nightmare. It has probably happened to many of us
- [Interface Design Basics to Aid Visual Search](https://research-collective.com/interface-design-basics-to-aid-visual-search/) - Visual search and user interface design are completely intertwined. Visual search and object detection concern not only our human visual system searching through an area of space (i.e., a screen), but also locating the desired object in a reasonable amount of time. Think about a classic word search activity. Scanning through a sea of 500
- [Healthcare Human Factors Engineering and Psychology: Six Perspectives](https://research-collective.com/healthcare-human-factors-engineering-and-psychology-six-perspectives/) - Understanding the ways humans interact with medical devices is a multifaceted challenge. It requires considering physiological, cognitive, and social aspects of human behavior. Medical Human Factors Engineering utilizes diverse psychological perspectives to optimize the design and use of medical devices. Here, we will explore six key psychological perspectives – biological, evolutionary, cognitive, social, developmental, and
- [Simplifying the 2023 FDA Guidance on Human Factors Engineering Principles for Combination Products](https://research-collective.com/simplifying-the-2023-fda-guidance-on-human-factors-engineering-principles-for-combination-products/) - Like with all medical devices, the application of human factors principles is essential for the development of safe and effective combination products. On September 7, 2023, the FDA released “Application of Human Factors Engineering Principles for Combination Products: Questions and Answers,” a guidance document containing 15 questions and answers on the application of human factors
- [Crash Course on URRAs](https://research-collective.com/crash-course-on-urras/) - As human factors specialists in the medical device industry, our world is centered around mitigating use-related risks. Ultimately we hope to design a device that is safe and effective to use. An important aspect of this process is developing and maintaining a cohesive use-related risk analysis. We’ve written this blog to outline some steps to
- [Insights from 1,000 Participant Sessions in 2023](https://research-collective.com/insights-from-1000-participant-sessions-in-2023/) - In the ever-evolving landscape of human factors and usability research, our research team has reached a significant milestone. We conducted over 1,000 participant sessions in 2023! And all before Halloween! This journey has provided more than just invaluable insights for our clients. It has also offered lessons that have allowed us to further refine our
- [Capturing a Human Factors Usability Study: AV Technology](https://research-collective.com/capturing-a-human-factors-usability-study-av-technology/) - Human Factors and Usability Testing A/V Equipment After weeks of designing your usability study, it’s time to take it live. Your human factors process is working! But how do we capture the audio? How do we capture the video? After fielding hundreds of usability studies, we have discovered the right equipment for any project. So,
- [People don’t make errors. Products fail to prevent errors.](https://research-collective.com/people-dont-make-errors-products-fail-to-prevent-errors/) - No matter the product—an inhaler, a surgical robot, a medication pump, or a smartphone application—following a human factors engineering process will use usability studies. Usability testing is a research method designed to evaluate a product’s ability to be used correctly by its intended users. It is worth highlighting that the purpose of a usability study
- [Means and Medians: When To Use Which](https://research-collective.com/means-and-medians-when-to-use-which/) - It is an age-old question in data representation: should I use the mean or the median? Statistical analyses can be a slippery slope. Many human-centered research professionals must utilize a deep level of understanding to analyze the results of their testing. But what many people don’t realize, however, is that even simple statistics like
- [The Sweet Spot in Usability Interviews: How to Get Richer Qualitative Data](https://research-collective.com/the-sweet-spot-in-usability-interviews-how-to-get-richer-qualitative-data/) - In the business of making the world a more user-friendly place for people, we do our best work when we can interact with and talk to those people we represent. There are many great ways to collect data in UX, but while surveys and observation support research in their own ways, those popular methods often
- [Top 5 Eye-Tracking Myths](https://research-collective.com/top-5-eye-tracking-myths/) - Eye-tracking provides valuable insights into the cognition of healthcare providers, patients, caregivers, and medical device users. Recent advancements have made this technology more accessible and affordable. Yet, despite its growing popularity, numerous misconceptions about eye-tracking persist. At Research Collective, we have extensive experience using eye-tracking to better understand human behavior and interactions in healthcare settings.
- [Human Factors of Effective Warning Statements](https://research-collective.com/human-factors-of-effective-warning-statements/) - Usable instructions for use (IFUs) for medical devices are more than step-by-step processes for users. They also must explain why the product should be used as described. Naturally, the ultimate goal of most readers of an IFU is to learn how to use the darn thing, but for products that present risks to their users
- [Everything You Need to Know About the NASA-TLX](https://research-collective.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-nasa-tlx/) - The NASA-TLX and Human Factors In 1988, Sandra G. Hart of NASA’s Human Performance Group and Lowell E. Staveland of San Jose State University introduced the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX). With more than 15,000 citations listed on Google Scholar since 1988, it has spread far beyond its original application of aviation, focus, and the
- [Validity and Reliability in Human Factors Research](https://research-collective.com/validity-and-reliability-in-human-factors-research/) - Introduction to Reliability and Validity In research, no two concepts are more confused with one another than validity and reliability. It’s not necessarily the difference between them that is so baffling; it’s more the fact that there is so much more to it. The tricky stuff comes when we examine the different types of validity
- [Getting Started with Biometrics: Galvanic Skin Response](https://research-collective.com/getting-started-with-biometrics-galvanic-skin-response/) - What is Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)? The human body is comprised of various systems that respond to stimuli. Just like the body’s “fight or flight” response may cause our heart rate to increase when we hear a frightening noise, our skin has electrical properties that change based on our arousal levels. These electrical properties are
- [Making Alarms More Usable](https://research-collective.com/making-alarms-more-usable/) - In the human-automation interaction, few tools are more important than the alarm. An effective alarm gets the user’s attention when it’s needed. Alarms support optimal performance and the fact that we don’t have to monitor the system constantly helps garner safety and efficiency. In the healthcare arena, alarms save lives. They are the last line
- [Limitations of Voice Recognition Technology](https://research-collective.com/limitations-of-voice-recognition-technology/) - A couple of years ago, only a handful of devices used voice recognition technology. Now, our phones, cars, navigation systems, and even home appliances seem eager to take verbal direction. Everywhere we turn, we encounter a system that has voice control capabilities, and for good reason: efficiency and safety can drastically improve when we interface
- [1-on-1 Interview: Russ Branaghan, Human Factors Expert](https://research-collective.com/1-on-1-interview-russ-branaghan-human-factors-expert/) - With Dr. Russell Branaghan Each month, we interview a human factors expert to get their take on the Human Factors and User Experience industry. In this month’s installment, we sat down with the founder and President of Research Collective, Dr. Russell Branaghan. Question: What is the most common human factors mistake you encounter? Answer: I think
- [Research Design: Between-Subjects vs Within-Subjects](https://research-collective.com/research-design-between-subjects-vs-within-subjects/) - Research Design Understanding the basics of within-subjects and between-subjects designs is crucial for any decision-maker who is conducting research. Participant design is a core concept, yet even experienced researchers sometimes have difficulty. Google search histories can surely confirm this. Here are the essentials, in a between-subjects design, two or more subject groups experience their own
- [10 Pro Tips for Collecting High-Quality Interview Data](https://research-collective.com/10-pro-tips-for-collecting-high-quality-interview-data/) - Collecting High-Quality Interview Data User Experience Researchers, ideally, run a ton of studies. Whether it’s qualitative or quantitative, formative or summative, many things can harm the quality of the data you collect. The following is a list of 10 tips to help you prevent that from happening: 1. Run a pilot No matter how much

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## Staff

- [Anusha Kannan](https://research-collective.com/staff/anusha-kannan/)
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- [Joe O'Brian](https://research-collective.com/staff/joe-obrian/)
- [Taylor Cunha](https://research-collective.com/staff/taylor-cunha/)
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## Publications

- [Using Knowledge Structures to Redesign an Instructor–operator Station](https://research-collective.com/publication/using-knowledge-structures-to-redesign-an-instructor-operator-station/)
- [The Human Factors of Reprocessing Reusable Medical Equipment](https://research-collective.com/publication/the-human-factors-of-reprocessing-reusable-medical-equipment/)
- [Team Briefings in the Gynecological Operating Room: a Cognitive Task Analysis](https://research-collective.com/publication/team-briefings-in-the-gynecological-operating-room-a-cognitive-task-analysis/)
- [Signaling Sepsis: Novel Data Collection of Diagnostic Mental Models](https://research-collective.com/publication/signaling-sepsis-novel-data-collection-of-diagnostic-mental-models/)
- [Perioperative Care and Operating Room Management](https://research-collective.com/publication/perioperative-care-and-operating-room-management/)
- [Patient Safety and Reprocessing: a Usability Test of the Endoscope Reprocessing Procedure](https://research-collective.com/publication/patient-safety-and-reprocessing-a-usability-test-of-the-endoscope-reprocessing-procedure/)
- [Menu Design Based on Expert Knowledge Structures: A Validation](https://research-collective.com/publication/menu-design-based-on-expert-knowledge-structures-a-validation/)
- [Learning from Small Devices: Deficits in Problem Solving Performance but not Factual Recall](https://research-collective.com/publication/learning-from-small-devices-deficits-in-problem-solving-performance-but-not-factual-recall/)
- [Human Factors in Medical Device Design: Methods, Principles, and Guidelines](https://research-collective.com/publication/human-factors-in-medical-device-design-methods-principles-and-guidelines/)
- [Human Factors Implications for Standard Operating Procedure Development and Usability in Reprocessing Safety](https://research-collective.com/publication/human-factors-implications-for-standard-operating-procedure-development-and-usability-in-reprocessing-safety/)
- [Guidelines for Mobile Health Applications](https://research-collective.com/publication/guidelines-for-mobile-health-applications/)
- [Exploring Human Factors in Endoscope Reprocessing](https://research-collective.com/publication/exploring-human-factors-in-endoscope-reprocessing/)
- [Designing for Medical Device Safety](https://research-collective.com/publication/designing-for-medical-device-safety/)
- [Characteristics of Team Briefings in Gynecological Surgery](https://research-collective.com/publication/characteristics-of-team-briefings-in-gynecological-surgery/)
- [Bridging Psychology and Engineering to Make Technology Work for People](https://research-collective.com/publication/bridging-psychology-and-engineering-to-make-technology-work-for-people/)
- [Better Instructions for Use to Improve Reusable Medical Equipment (Rme) Sterility](https://research-collective.com/publication/better-instructions-for-use-to-improve-reusable-medical-equipment-rme-sterility/)
- [Assessing User Experience via Biometric Sensor Affect Detection](https://research-collective.com/publication/assessing-user-experience-via-biometric-sensor-affect-detection/)
- [An Expert Perspective of Errors in Endoscope Reprocessing](https://research-collective.com/publication/an-expert-perspective-of-errors-in-endoscope-reprocessing/)
- [A Pilot Study of Non-routine Events in Gynecological Surgery: Type, Impact, and Effect](https://research-collective.com/publication/a-pilot-study-of-non-routine-events-in-gynecological-surgery-type-impact-and-effect/)

## Categories

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- [psychology](https://research-collective.com/tag/psychology/)
- [weber](https://research-collective.com/tag/weber/)
- [weber-fechner law](https://research-collective.com/tag/weber-fechner-law/)
- [wundt](https://research-collective.com/tag/wundt/)
- [accessibility](https://research-collective.com/tag/accessibility/)
- [adaptability](https://research-collective.com/tag/adaptability/)
- [familiarity](https://research-collective.com/tag/familiarity/)
- [flexibility](https://research-collective.com/tag/flexibility/)
- [Google](https://research-collective.com/tag/google/)
- [heuristics](https://research-collective.com/tag/heuristics/)
- [Nielsen](https://research-collective.com/tag/nielsen/)
- [Occam’s razor](https://research-collective.com/tag/occams-razor/)
- [reliability](https://research-collective.com/tag/reliability/)
- [search engine](https://research-collective.com/tag/search-engine/)
- [trust](https://research-collective.com/tag/trust/)
- [web](https://research-collective.com/tag/web/)
- [medical devices](https://research-collective.com/tag/medical-devices/)
- [accents](https://research-collective.com/tag/accents/)
- [command](https://research-collective.com/tag/command/)
- [compatibility](https://research-collective.com/tag/compatibility/)
- [efficiency](https://research-collective.com/tag/efficiency/)
- [safety](https://research-collective.com/tag/safety/)
- [sound quality](https://research-collective.com/tag/sound-quality/)
- [speech](https://research-collective.com/tag/speech/)
- [speed](https://research-collective.com/tag/speed/)
- [vocabulary](https://research-collective.com/tag/vocabulary/)
- [voice recognition](https://research-collective.com/tag/voice-recognition/)
- [alarms](https://research-collective.com/tag/alarms/)
- [medical device](https://research-collective.com/tag/medical-device/)
- [biometrics](https://research-collective.com/tag/biometrics/)
- [eye tracking](https://research-collective.com/tag/eye-tracking/)
- [galvanic](https://research-collective.com/tag/galvanic/)
- [gsr](https://research-collective.com/tag/gsr/)
- [technology](https://research-collective.com/tag/technology/)
- [510(k)](https://research-collective.com/tag/510k/)
- [critical task](https://research-collective.com/tag/critical-task/)
- [pma](https://research-collective.com/tag/pma/)
- [premarket approval](https://research-collective.com/tag/premarket-approval/)
- [risk analysis](https://research-collective.com/tag/risk-analysis/)
- [submission](https://research-collective.com/tag/submission/)
- [task analysis](https://research-collective.com/tag/task-analysis/)
- [use error](https://research-collective.com/tag/use-error/)
- [report](https://research-collective.com/tag/report/)
- [challenges](https://research-collective.com/tag/challenges/)
- [mistakes](https://research-collective.com/tag/mistakes/)
- [reprocessing](https://research-collective.com/tag/reprocessing/)
- [books](https://research-collective.com/tag/books/)
- [networking](https://research-collective.com/tag/networking/)
- [first job](https://research-collective.com/tag/first-job/)
- [school](https://research-collective.com/tag/school/)
- [success](https://research-collective.com/tag/success/)
- [transition](https://research-collective.com/tag/transition/)
- [validity](https://research-collective.com/tag/validity/)
- [cognitive bias](https://research-collective.com/tag/cognitive-bias/)
- [commitment bias](https://research-collective.com/tag/commitment-bias/)
- [confirmation bias](https://research-collective.com/tag/confirmation-bias/)
- [hindsight bias](https://research-collective.com/tag/hindsight-bias/)
- [negativity bias](https://research-collective.com/tag/negativity-bias/)
- [harry potter](https://research-collective.com/tag/harry-potter/)
- [formative](https://research-collective.com/tag/formative/)
- [root cause](https://research-collective.com/tag/root-cause/)
- [summative](https://research-collective.com/tag/summative/)
- [testing environment](https://research-collective.com/tag/testing-environment/)
- [training](https://research-collective.com/tag/training/)
- [cognitive psychology](https://research-collective.com/tag/cognitive-psychology/)
- [gestalt](https://research-collective.com/tag/gestalt/)
- [gestalt psychology](https://research-collective.com/tag/gestalt-psychology/)
- [perception](https://research-collective.com/tag/perception/)
- [contrast](https://research-collective.com/tag/contrast/)
- [design principles](https://research-collective.com/tag/design-principles/)
- [low vision](https://research-collective.com/tag/low-vision/)
- [universal design](https://research-collective.com/tag/universal-design/)
- [visually impaired](https://research-collective.com/tag/visually-impaired/)
- [WCAG 2.1](https://research-collective.com/tag/wcag-2-1/)
- [consulting](https://research-collective.com/tag/consulting/)
- [Engineering](https://research-collective.com/tag/engineering/)
- [blind](https://research-collective.com/tag/blind/)
- [Compliance](https://research-collective.com/tag/compliance/)
- [operable](https://research-collective.com/tag/operable/)
- [understandable](https://research-collective.com/tag/understandable/)
- [international](https://research-collective.com/tag/international/)
- [japan](https://research-collective.com/tag/japan/)
- [nasa](https://research-collective.com/tag/nasa/)
- [tlx](https://research-collective.com/tag/tlx/)
- [qualitative](https://research-collective.com/tag/qualitative/)
- [sample size](https://research-collective.com/tag/sample-size/)
- [font](https://research-collective.com/tag/font/)
- [instructions](https://research-collective.com/tag/instructions/)
- [illumina](https://research-collective.com/tag/illumina/)
- [san diego](https://research-collective.com/tag/san-diego/)
- [FDA guidance](https://research-collective.com/tag/fda-guidance/)
- [validation testing](https://research-collective.com/tag/validation-testing/)
- [FDA](https://research-collective.com/tag/fda/)
- [myths](https://research-collective.com/tag/myths/)
- [Bias](https://research-collective.com/tag/bias/)
- [arizona](https://research-collective.com/tag/arizona/)
- [background](https://research-collective.com/tag/background/)
- [bio](https://research-collective.com/tag/bio/)
- [hemophilia](https://research-collective.com/tag/hemophilia/)
- [infusion](https://research-collective.com/tag/infusion/)
- [intravenous](https://research-collective.com/tag/intravenous/)
- [iv](https://research-collective.com/tag/iv/)
- [strategies](https://research-collective.com/tag/strategies/)
- [reports](https://research-collective.com/tag/reports/)
- [reporting](https://research-collective.com/tag/reporting/)
- [validation](https://research-collective.com/tag/validation/)
- [studies](https://research-collective.com/tag/studies/)
- [usability testing](https://research-collective.com/tag/usability-testing/)
- [coronavirus](https://research-collective.com/tag/coronavirus/)
- [covid](https://research-collective.com/tag/covid/)
- [safe](https://research-collective.com/tag/safe/)
- [hfes](https://research-collective.com/tag/hfes/)
- [productivity](https://research-collective.com/tag/productivity/)
- [symposium](https://research-collective.com/tag/symposium/)
- [virtual](https://research-collective.com/tag/virtual/)
- [CDRH](https://research-collective.com/tag/cdrh/)
- [formative test](https://research-collective.com/tag/formative-test/)
- [guidance](https://research-collective.com/tag/guidance/)
- [maude](https://research-collective.com/tag/maude/)
- [risk](https://research-collective.com/tag/risk/)
- [urra](https://research-collective.com/tag/urra/)
- [user groups](https://research-collective.com/tag/user-groups/)
- [user interface](https://research-collective.com/tag/user-interface/)
- [validation test](https://research-collective.com/tag/validation-test/)
- [ifu](https://research-collective.com/tag/ifu/)
- [benefits](https://research-collective.com/tag/benefits/)
- [brand](https://research-collective.com/tag/brand/)
- [importance](https://research-collective.com/tag/importance/)
- [patient outcomes](https://research-collective.com/tag/patient-outcomes/)
- [regulatory](https://research-collective.com/tag/regulatory/)
- [emotion](https://research-collective.com/tag/emotion/)
- [update](https://research-collective.com/tag/update/)
- [caution](https://research-collective.com/tag/caution/)
- [danger](https://research-collective.com/tag/danger/)
- [notice](https://research-collective.com/tag/notice/)
- [osha](https://research-collective.com/tag/osha/)
- [precautionary statement](https://research-collective.com/tag/precautionary-statement/)
- [warning](https://research-collective.com/tag/warning/)
- [legibility](https://research-collective.com/tag/legibility/)
- [bottom-up cues](https://research-collective.com/tag/bottom-up-cues/)
- [injection devices](https://research-collective.com/tag/injection-devices/)
- [product design](https://research-collective.com/tag/product-design/)
- [top-down cues](https://research-collective.com/tag/top-down-cues/)
- [visual search](https://research-collective.com/tag/visual-search/)
- [ethics](https://research-collective.com/tag/ethics/)
- [IRB](https://research-collective.com/tag/irb/)
- [usability test](https://research-collective.com/tag/usability-test/)
- [action](https://research-collective.com/tag/action/)
- [cognition](https://research-collective.com/tag/cognition/)
- [means](https://research-collective.com/tag/means/)
- [medians](https://research-collective.com/tag/medians/)
- [statistics](https://research-collective.com/tag/statistics/)
- [interviewing](https://research-collective.com/tag/interviewing/)
- [patience](https://research-collective.com/tag/patience/)
- [sweet spot](https://research-collective.com/tag/sweet-spot/)
- [usability interviews](https://research-collective.com/tag/usability-interviews/)
- [HealthTech](https://research-collective.com/tag/healthtech/)
- [conspicuity](https://research-collective.com/tag/conspicuity/)
- [Interface](https://research-collective.com/tag/interface/)
- [note-taking](https://research-collective.com/tag/note-taking/)
- [audio](https://research-collective.com/tag/audio/)
- [camera](https://research-collective.com/tag/camera/)
- [lab](https://research-collective.com/tag/lab/)
- [microphone](https://research-collective.com/tag/microphone/)
- [usability study](https://research-collective.com/tag/usability-study/)
- [video](https://research-collective.com/tag/video/)
- [combination products](https://research-collective.com/tag/combination-products/)
- [definitions](https://research-collective.com/tag/definitions/)
- [fielding](https://research-collective.com/tag/fielding/)
- [moderator](https://research-collective.com/tag/moderator/)
- [participant](https://research-collective.com/tag/participant/)
- [recruit](https://research-collective.com/tag/recruit/)
- [affordance](https://research-collective.com/tag/affordance/)
- [signifier](https://research-collective.com/tag/signifier/)
- [constraint](https://research-collective.com/tag/constraint/)
- [color](https://research-collective.com/tag/color/)
- [design controls](https://research-collective.com/tag/design-controls/)
- [moderating](https://research-collective.com/tag/moderating/)
- [facilitator](https://research-collective.com/tag/facilitator/)
- [signal](https://research-collective.com/tag/signal/)
- [noise](https://research-collective.com/tag/noise/)
- [signal-to-noise](https://research-collective.com/tag/signal-to-noise/)
- [findability](https://research-collective.com/tag/findability/)
- [button](https://research-collective.com/tag/button/)
- [keyboard](https://research-collective.com/tag/keyboard/)
- [focus](https://research-collective.com/tag/focus/)
- [attention](https://research-collective.com/tag/attention/)
- [focus of attention](https://research-collective.com/tag/focus-of-attention/)
- [library](https://research-collective.com/tag/library/)
- [blog](https://research-collective.com/tag/blog/)
- [how to](https://research-collective.com/tag/how-to/)
- [interviews](https://research-collective.com/tag/interviews/)
- [professional development](https://research-collective.com/tag/professional-development/)
- [services](https://research-collective.com/tag/services/)
- [blindness](https://research-collective.com/tag/blindness/)
- [inattentional blindness](https://research-collective.com/tag/inattentional-blindness/)
- [interference](https://research-collective.com/tag/interference/)
- [proactive](https://research-collective.com/tag/proactive/)
- [retroactive](https://research-collective.com/tag/retroactive/)
- [garner](https://research-collective.com/tag/garner/)
- [stroop](https://research-collective.com/tag/stroop/)
- [hat rack](https://research-collective.com/tag/hat-rack/)
- [information](https://research-collective.com/tag/information/)
- [information architecture](https://research-collective.com/tag/information-architecture/)
- [organization](https://research-collective.com/tag/organization/)
- [working memory](https://research-collective.com/tag/working-memory/)
- [memory](https://research-collective.com/tag/memory/)
- [attentional resources](https://research-collective.com/tag/attentional-resources/)
- [baddeley](https://research-collective.com/tag/baddeley/)
- [hitch](https://research-collective.com/tag/hitch/)
- [hicks](https://research-collective.com/tag/hicks/)
- [hick](https://research-collective.com/tag/hick/)
- [hick-hyman](https://research-collective.com/tag/hick-hyman/)
- [hyman](https://research-collective.com/tag/hyman/)
- [recognition](https://research-collective.com/tag/recognition/)
- [recall](https://research-collective.com/tag/recall/)
- [holiday](https://research-collective.com/tag/holiday/)
- [2024](https://research-collective.com/tag/2024/)
- [website](https://research-collective.com/tag/website/)
- [labeling](https://research-collective.com/tag/labeling/)
- [performance](https://research-collective.com/tag/performance/)
- [preference](https://research-collective.com/tag/preference/)
- [interface design paradox](https://research-collective.com/tag/interface-design-paradox/)
- [learning environment design paradox](https://research-collective.com/tag/learning-environment-design-paradox/)
- [child](https://research-collective.com/tag/child/)
- [children](https://research-collective.com/tag/children/)
- [kids](https://research-collective.com/tag/kids/)
- [halloween](https://research-collective.com/tag/halloween/)
- [spooky](https://research-collective.com/tag/spooky/)
- [confidence](https://research-collective.com/tag/confidence/)

## Departments

- [Inactive](https://research-collective.com/department/inactive/)